Which of the following is NOT a component of print concepts in early literacy?

• A. Book handling
• B. Directionality
• C. Capitalization and punctuation
• D. Listening to songs

Answer: (D)

Print concepts are about how written language works and how to interact with text. Book handling teaches the physical skills of using a book—holding it correctly, turning pages one by one, and reading from front to back. Directionality covers the path of reading—left to right and top to bottom—and how we move our eyes across lines and return to the start of the next line. Capitalization and punctuation show how writers use uppercase letters at the start of sentences or for proper nouns and how punctuation marks guide pauses, endings, and meaning in sentences.

Listening to songs supports listening, rhythm, and oral language development, but it doesn’t teach the conventions of print that show how text is organized and read. So it isn’t part of print concepts.